Jacky Robinson Essays - Jackie Robinson, Los Angeles Dodgers, 42

Jacky Robinson (1919-72) Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia., on January 31, 1919 to Jerry and Mallie Robinson. He grew up in Pasadena, California. In high school and at Pasadena Junior College he showed great athletic skill in track, basketball, football, and baseball. He left school in 1941 and was drafted the following year for Army service during World War II. After receiving a medical discharge in 1945, Jackie Robinson decided to tryout for the Boston Red Sox, but ended up not making the team. He spent a year playing baseball with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro National League. Later he played in the 1946 season with the Montreal Royals, a Dodgers farm club, and led the International League in hitting with a .349 average. He stole 40 bases and scored 113 runs. When the Dodgers opened their 1947 season, Robinson was playing second base. On April 10, 1947, Jackie Robinson became the first black player to sign a major league contract in the 20th century. During his first game, Jackie went hitless in three at-bats, but flawlessly handled 11 chances at first base. In 1947, Jackie hit .297 and stole 29 bases while also playing first base for the Dodgers. Jackie led the National League in stolen bases and was named rookie of the year. The main problem he had to overcome was controlling his short temper after hearing so many racial remarks from the crowds and other ball players, including his own teammates. On July 12, 1949, Jackie Robinson made his All-Star game debut for the National league. This was the first time that a black player participated in an All-Star game. On October 6, 1949, Jackie Robinson scored the only run in the Dodgers 1-0 win over the New York Yankees in game two of the World Series. This was the only game that the Dodgers won in the 1949 World Series. In 1949, with a .342 average, he was named the most valuable player in the league. He was one of the game's best base runners, with a total of 197 stolen bases. The Dodgers won six National League pennants during Robinson's ten playing years. On December 13, 1956, the Brooklyn Dodgers traded Jackie Robinson to the Dodger's rival team, the New York Giants in hopes that Robinson would be able to boost the low attendance. He was being traded for a pitcher named Dick Littlefield and $35,000 in cash. At this time, Robinson was having problems with his legs and was thinking about quitting baseball. Less than a month later, Jackie retired from baseball in 1956 with a lifetime batting average of .311. On January 23, 1962, the Baseball Writers Association of America elected Jackie Robinson to the Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Robinson became the first African-American to be elected. After retirement he became a vice-president of a New York restaurant firm and the president of a land-development company. From 1964 to 1968 he served as special assistant for civil rights to Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. He also worked with drug-prevention programs. Robinson starred in the motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story which was made in 1950 and was the author, with Alfred Duckett, of I Never Had It Made in 1972. On October 24, 1972, Jackie Robinson died from a heart attack at the age of 53 in Stamford, Connecticut. Ten days earlier, Robinson had thrown out the first pitch at the beginning of the second game in the 1972 World Series.

Invention of Internet essays

Invention of Internet essays Throughout history, there are many inventions appeared in America. One of the big inventions is the internet. Since the computer invented, there aren ¡t so many ways people can do about the computer. Most of people didn ¡t even have one, only the big businesses and the military have them. The invention of the internet changed people ¡s point of view of using computers. Internet was created by an organization called ARPAnet, for the purpose of military use. It designed as a computer version of the nuclear bomb shelter, ARPanet protected the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information through a protocol called NCP (Network Control Protocol). The idea came from Charles M. Herzfeld. He is the former director of ARPA, he says ARPAnet is not created only for military need, it also can be sharing information on researches for scientists, it came out only with limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country and that many research investigators who should have access where geographically separated from them. ARPA is stand for the Advanced Research Projects Agency. This is a branch of the military that develop top secret system and weapons during the cold war in America. The first connected the ARPAnet were the Four DEC PDP-10 computers. They were located in the respective computer research labs of UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. The network expended, and different models of computer were connected, also they found problems of connecting them, because of different computer ¡s compatibilities are different. The solution was they changed a better set of protocols, which was called TCP/IP. In the year of 1971, an innovation occurred in ARPAnet, which is the email, or the electronic mail. This has the ability of sending messages to another person who has the network; this gave users m...

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Questions - Essay Example Analyzing the video, I would say that this game can serve students in two ways. First, it provides enjoyment to users and secondly it makes them learn different sets of English vocabulary and terms that people use normally in their daily lives. The criteria that I used to assess the game included nature or complexity level of words included in the game for completion, the speed of spoken English being used before the start of the game, and writing style of the rules being shown before a use actually starts playing the game. I think the game is good with respect to two of the three criteria, which were complexity of words and writing style of rules. Writing was in simple English which makes it easy for an ESL/EFL student to play the game. The words chosen for completion are also not very difficult. The only criterion which can make this game inappropriate for ESL/EFL students is the speed of spoken English being used before the start of the game. Copyright provides protection to the content written by a writer. It is such an intellectual property that grants the rights of editing only to the person who owns that property. No other person can use or edit that content without the permission of the holder of that intellectual property. In the given example, the student has taken the text from a source which is not a legal act to do. Copying the writing of someone else from the internet or from any other source is illegal from academic point of view. What a person writes and gets published becomes his/her intellectual property which belongs only to that particular person and no one else can use it without making a proper reference to it. If someone wants to use some part of that content in his/her own writing, then he/she must properly cite the source both within the text and at the bottom of the text in the references page. Otherwise, it becomes a serious issue from academic

Unit 4 complete Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unit 4 complete - Assignment Example In the US, the federal courts have special jurisdiction (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2013). Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to a court’s responsibility over matters and concepts of a case (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2013). On the other hand, personal jurisdiction refers to a court’s power over the persons involved in a case. In crime, causation of harm must be confirmed. In addition, a convicted person must have been in the right mental state to certify the validity of case. In essence, the defendant person should be proven to have acted with malice aforethought (Gross, 2012). Besides, the court process should prove the defendant as having actually acted or unlawfully omitted an act. In certain cases, a prosecutor may refuse to prosecute a given criminal case. For instance, there could be inadmissible evidence. In addition, a backlog of cases may require postponement of a given case. When a certain party in a lawsuit has unguarded jurisdiction, several problems may arise. To begin with, such a person may direct the case to suit one’s interests rather than the interest of justice. In addition, such a person may make mistakes that jeopardize a lawsuit process since one faces limited questioning from other parties. Besides, laxity from the single party may lead towards incompetent rulings. The US court’s system possesses a hiercahy at the federal and the states’ level. The federal courts exist in every state, and they represent the judicial branch of the US Federal government (Neubauer & Meinhold, 2013). On the other hand, the state courts operate under the unique states’ constitutions and laws. The federal court system operates in terms of districts and circuits. The circuit courts are the state appellate courts, which report to the US Supreme Court. The state courts divide into trial courts, appellate courts, and highest state courts. The main purpose of US courts is to defend the individual freedoms and rights that every citizen holds.

Business Valuation and Financial Analysis Essay

Business Valuation and Financial Analysis - Essay Example ATO is an indicator of the efficiency of utilization of assets to generate earnings for the company, and a forecast of this indicator ATO is provided in table no. 2. The value forecasted is considered to be stable over the next five years. Furthermore, it was necessary to forecast the net dividend payout and taking into consideration that it is usually a stable indicator over the years, it was considered to be 35%. The small percentage considered has the intuition that the company will reinvest the other part of the profit in investments, which can provide growth to the company (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). The forecast for this indicator is provided in table no. 4. The last indicator forecasted was the after-tax cost of debt, which is important considering also the level of leverage of the company (depicted in figure no. 2). The value for this indicator is considered to be stable and is provided in table no. 5. The forecasted leverage is decreasing for the period 2011-2013, and after that is considered an increase in the amount of borrowed resources. A higher leverage ratio can be attractive for the company because debt is deductible, and can be more beneficiary for the company. In order asses the company’s performance for past years and opportunities for the future years, it were analyzed some financial ratios because (Elliot and Elliot, 2011). These financial ratios were computed by using information from the balance sheet and income statement. According to Needles and Powers (2010), the liquidity ratios (e.g. current, quick ratios) measure the company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations. An overview of the most important financial ratios is provided in table no. 6. In order to reach the forecasted sales growth ratios the company will need to invest more in marketing for its products, and probably a more

Values of Nursing, Person, Health, and Environment

Values of Nursing, Person, Health, and Environment The values of nursing are acquired during socialization into nursing code of ethics, nursing experience, teachers and peers. Watson (1982, pp 20-21) outlined four important values of nursing; strong commitment to service, belief in the dignity and worth of each person, commitment to education and professional autonomy. Nursing education, concepts and programs for improving the knowledge in health facility are provided to maintain moral, theoretical and clinical values in the health setting Socalsy, 2008). The personal values of a person depends on the richness or intensity of the inculcation of knowledge, positive values and skills not simply based on the innate capacity of one to evaluate, think, reason and interact in a learning situation but the availability moral standards. It also equally depends on the quality of personal experiences which are either limited by the persons ability and will to choose or by what is desirable to her which is readily accessible in the environment (Craney, 2008). Health is valued automatically by an individual regardless of the existence of other personal priorities and values. People value health as important priority despite other things. Health considered as a good individual experience (Socalsy, 2008). Environmental Values is concerned mainly with the justification and basis of policy regarding the environmental. Its objective is to bring together the law, philosophy, economics contributions, which can be relate to the current and future of human environment and other living things; and to clearly understand the relationship between more fundamental underlying assumptions or assumptions and practical policy issues (Craney, 2008). Describe how teaching/learning best occurs? Compare the various levels of  nursing education? (LPN, ADN, BSN, MSN) The key to successful knowledge development is competent learning and effective communication during the practice to achieve the goal of competency. This will determine the path of being an effective and competent nursing professional. This is where the teaching and learning best occurs (Aikon, 2009). Approved practical or vocational nursing programs (LPN) are provided by community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. These programs usually last 9 or 12 month and provide both classroom and clinical experiences. License Practical nurse practices under the supervision of a registered nurse in a nursing home, clinics, hospital or rehabilitation. Taeching best occurs in this level through formal classroom instruction, students learned by doing, that is, providing care to clients in hospitals. Associate degree programs (AND) are offered in the Unted States primarily in community colleges although some 4-year colleges also have AND programs. The graduating student receives an AND or an associate of arts (AA) or associate in applied science (AAS0 degree with a major in nursing. Learning best occurs in through provision of specific information about type of knowledge, skills, and abilities of ADNs education program. ADNs currently function under t he same practice acts as BSN graduates. Todays baccalaureate nursing programs (BSN) are located in 4-year colleges and universities and are 4 to 5 years in length. The curricula offer courses in the liberal arts, sciences, humanities and nursing. Graduates must fulfill both the degree requirements of the schools or universities and the nursing program before being awarded a baccalaureate degree (Silber, 2003). The BSN program meet the learning needs of students through challenges and opportunity to pursue a self-paced, independent study or online programs. Masters degree program (MSN) provides specialized knowledge and skills that enable nurses to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration and research. Todays masters program generally takes one and half to two years to complete. Learning best occurs in MSN program through provision of specialized knowledge and skills that enable student to have an advanced knowledge in practice (Aikon, 2009). Overview of what shou ld be some expected teaching knowledge, skills, and abilities. Name three goals for the first year of teaching? Nurses are expected to possess leadership skills, critical thinking ability, health promotion and case management skills in teaching. Their ability to be competitive in teaching satisfies a variety of learning. This improves knowledge as well as educational requirement, nursing practice and patient outcomes (Giovanetti, 2007). They provide sufficient information that will aid policymakers, practice leaders and researchers to recognize that entry level education makes a difference in nurses practice. Nurses should make them aware of every situation happening in the field and make it a motivational means to improve the profession by proper preparation and education. Possession of knowledge and competency in teaching interventions which can be acquired in hands on training is essential in practicing the profession (Silber, 2003). Goals for the first year of teaching includes; embracing of personal ethic of social responsibility and service, apply new knowledge of sciences, understand the role of primary care and continue to learn and help others (Aikon, 2009). References Aikon, U.H. (2009). Nursing Education.Journal of Nursing Administration, 88(5), 221-228. Silber, J.H. (2003). Educational levels of nurses,Journal of the American Medical  Association, 270, 118-125. Giovanetti, P. (2007). Teaching and Learning Nursing Skills. Nursing Research,  59(1), 84-90 Socalsy, J.J. (2008). Nursing Values.New York: Health Services Research. Craney, L.A. (2008). Values and Ethics. London: Prentice Hall

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - Importance of Money :: Great Gatsby Essays

   Gatsby’s Money  Ã‚      Three works Cited  Ã‚  Ã‚   Materialism started to become a main theme of literature in the modernist era. During this time the economy was good causing jazz to be popular, bootlegging common, and an affair meaning nothing (Gevaert). This negative view of money and the gross materialism in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby serves to be a modern theme in the novel. Throughout the novel, the rich possess a sense of carelessness and believe that money yields happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the whole story, the rich have a sense of carelessness of money and material goods that are usually unobtainable by most. Prime examples of this carelessness are the huge parties that Gatsby throws; everybody who is anybody would attend: the party guests â€Å"[arrive] at twilight . . .† (Fitzgerald 111) and stay until daybreak, and â€Å"sometimes they [come] and [go] without having met Gatsby at all, [come] for the party with a simplicity of heart that [is] its own ticket of admission† (45). Gatsby puts enormous amounts of money into these parties, even though he does not enjoy them one bit. He, however, continues to have them because he believes happiness can be bought (101), that the glitz and glitter will ultimately bring Daisy to love him (Swilley). To Gatsby, he must continue to throw these parties. Gatsby is new money and he has to show off his money and prove to the world that he is rich (Karen). In addition t o his elaborate parties, he wears extravagant pink suits with gold ties and drives an eye-catching yellow car. All this he does in order to gain Daisy’s attention (Gatsbylvr). In contrast, the opposite is true for Tom. Karen says that Tom is old money and, therefore, does not have to show the world that he has money. Tom does not need Gatsby’s flashiness; his house is arranged to his liking and he seems to be more conventional -- Tom rides horses as opposed to driving a flashy car (Karen). The idea of money being able to bring happiness is another prevalent modernist theme found in The Great Gatsby. According to Sparknotes, Fitzgerald acts as the poster child for this idea. He, himself in his own life, believes this as well. He puts off marrying his wife until he has enough money to support her (SparkNotes). Fitzgerald’s delay to marry his wife and Gatsby’s quest to buy Daisy’s love are parallel (Gatsbylvr).

It is important to know right from wrong Essay

During this essay I am going to try to prove that it is important to know right form wrong. I am also going to explain how different cultures; backgrounds and circumstances can change people’s morals on right and wrong. An example of how people morals can changes due to circumstances is war. How is war different to murder? War can be defending the country you live in from being invaded and taken over. If your countries soldiers don’t shoot the invading soldiers then you would either be dead or living somewhere everything about you is considered wrong just because of you nationality. However, war can be attack where your country is the one who is invading another. But either way, does the little man have a choice? The little man has to do what his leader tells him to avoid being named a traitor or being killed by the enemy. In my opinion war isn’t murder. If both sides have weapons and neither side has a choice because if they don’t shoot first then they’ll end up dead. It’s a no win situation. However, a person who commits murder can have a choice. Murders can happen due to jealous or revenge or even pure hate of the person. But the murderer has a choice or whether or not to take someone else’s life. There is an exception in my opinion of somebody who is beaten up or constantly being injured by his or her spouse. I’m not saying women who get beaten up or men who do because it can happen both ways. There is a point in some people where they snap and can’t take any more and their hidden anger get released and they can murder someone in a moment of losing control. This does bring up the question ‘Is suicide murder?’ and one which I can’t answer myself for many reasons and therefore I’m unable to give my opinion on it. Some people may consider self harm to be a sickness and that even thinking about suicide is murdering yourself. If the life is yours to take who decides if you take it or not? Other people, maybe those who have considered it themselves believe it can be a way of escaping a situation rather than fighting through it and even that considering it is just bringing them to a conclusion that nobody else has reached yet. Is murder right or wrong? Murder is wrong in circumstances and can be right in others, the same for suicide. It all depends on the point of view that somebody looks at it from. There are always going to be exceptions in murder and suicide so nobody can give a clear right or wrong answer. Another example of right and wrong is the black and white version. The law is in black and white and doesn’t consider exceptions in many cases. The legal age of understanding the difference between right and wrong is ten years old in the United Kingdom. No child under the age of ten can be prosecuted and even those who are older are very rarely prosecuted as the CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) doesn’t always agree to go ahead with the cases. Some cases do go through such as the case when Robert Thompson and Jon Venables murdered James Bulger. The CPS did agree with prosecuting them as they had taken a life and the chance of getting a conviction was realistic. The law has to be in black and white to ensure they treat everybody equally To know the difference between right and wrong you have to have substantial judgement to know when something you are doing is wrong. Growing up living in a location where burglary and violence are everyday occurrences can tilt the persons point of view on right and wrong. Circumstances can change the way their view is on different situations and the basic common sense that people have can cause the person to have different outlooks on different situations. This can cause their view of right and wrong to lead them to things they wouldn’t do other wise and end up in prison for committing a crime that they didn’t even know is wrong. Is it possible to unknowingly do something wrong? I believe that it is possible to do something wrong without realising it is wrong. It depends on common sense and the situation. In my opinion it is important to know the difference between right and wrong. If you don’t then you can do things unknowingly that are wrong and kill somebody due to not understanding the consequences of your actions. This makes it important to know the difference and be able to judge a situation on whether it’s right or wrong yourself. Ethics and morals are part of everybody’s opinions on whether something is right or wrong that means that your opinion has more influence on your actions and the way you treat other people than you realise. The problem with just saying it is wrong to murder or war is murder is that things aren’t that simple. The world isn’t in black and white like the law, it is in colour and so many things and situations have an exception, which is why people have to understand the difference between right and wrong so they can be able to judge the world for themselves.

Men And Women Essays - Gender Studies, Gender Role, Free Essays

Men And Women Essays - Gender Studies, Gender Role, Free Essays Men and Women Whoever said men and women are equal must be blind. Women have always taken a back seat to men in American society. This occurrence is not only found in the United States, but in other countries as well. It's safe to say that the Declaration of Independence started it and it has continued to the present. There is one set of standards that apply to men, and another set of standards that apply to women. This is evident in the home, workplace, and society in general. The problem of men and women not being equal can be traced back to the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men are created equal. There was no mention of women being equal, only men. At the time of the drafting of the document, the men had all the power. The document was even drafted by a man. Women were confined to the home to take care of the domestic housekeeping duties. Look no further than the home to see the first sign that men and women are not equal. The traditional role of the man was to work and the money he made would be used by all in the household. The traditional role of the woman was to stay home, take care of the children, clean the house, and cook. Because society has always associated money with power, the person bringing home the money had the power. The man often makes the final decision on all household matters because he has the money. The workplace is another place where men and women are not equal. The most obvious sign starts at the top. Look at the CEO of the corporation. The majority of CEOs are men. Women serving as CEOs are a rare sight. Another sign of the unfairness can also be found in the lower ranks. Men are often applauded for being assertive and giving orders. By giving orders, men are taking a leadership role. Demonstrating leadership ability is a quality that employers often look for. On the other hand, women who are assertive and give orders are not well liked in the work place. They are considered as bitches by men. For women to be well liked in the work place, they have to be subordinate to the men. The salary of men and women who do the exact same work differ. Women often make less than men even though they do the exact same thing. In 1990, the median income was $29,172 for men and $20,586 for women. The fact that women often hold lower ranking positions contribute to the ! problem. There are many gender stereotypes associated with certain jobs. Secretaries, nurses, and maids are associated with women. Corporate executives, lawyers, doctors, politicians, and construction workers are associated with men. Society as a whole has also contributed to the problem. It starts at the hospital when a baby is born. Boys get blue blankets while girls get pink blankets. Toys are targeted at either boys or girls. Toys that are targeted at boys include trucks, blocks, guns, and soldiers. Toys that are targeted at girls include dolls, kitchen utensils, and doll houses. Boys are raised to be aggressive, tough, dominant, and daring. Girls are raised to be passive, emotional, sweet, and subordinate. The pattern continues on through marriage and beyond. A clear example of male dominance can be seen when a woman gets married. The woman would change her last name to that of the man's. She also loses her first name in some instances too. When a piece of mail is addressed to both parties, the name reads Mr. and Mrs. John Doe. The woman's name is not mentioned. Another example that men and women are not equal are the terms used to described the sexual habits of men and women. Men who are promiscuous are considered studs, macho, and manly. Men often boast about the many partners they have had. Women who are promiscuous are considered sluts, whores, and prostitutes. Women tend to hide the number of partners they have had. If a man has sex before marriage, he is getting experience and exploring his options. If a woman has sex before marriage, she is not considered

North Korea essays

North Korea essays The United States has been presented a dilemma towards its foreign policy with the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea). North Koreas alleged launch of a new Taepo-Dong I missile on August 31, 1998 has heightened American worries and escalated an already tense situation with North Korea. The United States response towards this new missile, which could possibly be able to reach the edges of both Alaska and Hawaii , will be a factor in its decision on whether or not to continue to finance support towards North Korea. New sanctions could mean the collapse of a weak North Korean economy. Already on the brink of economic and political collapse, the loss of U.S. and KEDO aid could push them over the edge and into political ruin. One major factor involved in the foreign policy decision is the collapse of North Korea. It could mean one of three things: Implosion (collapse of the state), explosion (war with South Korea) or absorption (reform and reunification). In May 1997, acti ng Director of Central Intelligence, George Tenet, stated, One of the things that worries us most is an implosion internally. The result of an implosion, the collapse of the state, would be hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing to China and South Korea. China has already begun stepping up troops at the North Korean border to halt the flow of refugees should this happen. South Korea would possibly use force to deter refugees to the south. Another factor here is the humanitarian influences. Massive floods, droughts and typhoons since 1995 have forced North Korea to accept international food aid. Widespread famine has reportedly killed hundreds of thousands of people. This acceptance is contrary to the North Korean governments policy of juche or self-reliance . It is feared that the government of North Korea is diverting scarce food sources from the civilian sector to its military, even at a time of humanitarian cr...

Wonders of The African World Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wonders of The African World - Movie Review Example He gives us a clear insight into the history of celebrated monuments and buildings, the culture and tradition followed in the region, besides the rituals and architectural beauty of the places of the region. Then, with the showcasing of Timbuktu and The Lost Cities of the South, Gates extends his support to the factual capacities of the Africans in being able to create this kind of a cultural and learning setup. The cities of Zimbabwe, Kush, Mero , Axum, Lalibela, Asante, Timbuktu, Zimbabwe were great examples that have been given by Gates to place before us the African essence! These four aspects of the documentary clearly throw light on the richness of the African continent in terms of tradition, religion, architecture and learning. However, the other two important descriptive pieces of the documentary, which are the The Swahili Coast and The Slave Kingdoms are more on the verge of showcasing the 'dark' side of the Dark Continent. The two parts of the documentary clearly outline the violence, disparity and the cruelty of the same Africa, that has been portrayed as something rich in culture and tradition! Here, the gh

Financial Industry Megamergers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Industry Megamergers - Research Paper Example One of them is connected with the regulatory agreements of megamergers which actually are dependent on the antitrust concentration. Hoenig (1999) is worried that when megamergers become the prevalent financial institutions, governments will be forced to close down those that become less influential, out of fear to create unsecure financial system. Thus, the government implicitly guarantees such mergers that might be uninsured depositors or creditors, which eventually lead to unstable and less efficient financial structure (Hoenig, 1999). Hoenig (1999) says that he is less optimistic about the challenges that occur in the merging processes. He also suspects that in the near future financial specialists have to cope with merger institutions that are "too big to fail" and advises that experts have to carefully balance between the "economic benefits of consolidation" and the "potential costs to the financial system (p.2)." Hoenig (1999) remarks that consolidation in the financial services happen in three dimensions: within the banking industry, between banks and other financial organizations and across national borders. Up to 1999, there is an apparent decline of banking institutions. In the 1980s the number of banks in the United States is about 12 thousand. The estimated number in 1999 is 7 thousand (Hoenig, 1999). The same trend is occurring in most of the European countries. In the U.S the alliance is between commercial banking and investment banking services. In Europe, the model unifies the banking and insurance operations (Hoenig, 1999). Hoenig (199) discusses that the primary reason for consolidation in the financial services industry is to overcome possible problems and weaknesses caused by real estate lending, for instance. Another important factor is the development of telecommunication and information technology which lowered the prices of the banking sector. Greater economies of scale are achieved through merging various services, forcing small companies to merge in order to increase the competition (Hoenig, 1999). Legal boundaries have also been removed, so that interstate banking is now feasible. International consolidation is a fact with many countries opening up their "domestic financial markets by liberalizing foreign ownership of domestic financial institutions (Hoenig, 1999, p.3)." Megamergers pose serious questions about the public policy, such as whether the consolidation is in the public interest. Thus, banking agencies and Justice Departments have to take into consideration public policies before confirming an acquisition (Hoenig, 1999). To satisfy the public interests banking organizations continue to be active even after merging especially in order to create good records for servicing their communities. Hoenig (1999) highlights that megamergers in the U.S do not have antitrust problems and follow the traditional merger recommendations, focusing on different range of financial activities. The new policy issues that Hoenig (1999) mentions concern the protections of the financial conglomerates guaranteed by the government as "too big to fall" institutions. This can lead to serious consequences. Because the activities of these megamergers constitute a large proportion of the country's payment system, possible